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Article History

Received: 3 December 2024

Accepted: 15 May 2025

First Online: 2 June 2025

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the relevant ethics committees in each participating country. Ethical approvals were obtained from the following institutions: Germany: Ethik-Kommission Westfalen-Lippe, Münster; Approval No. 2023-355-f-N. Uzbekistan: LECV; Approval No. 2023/04-1716. Croatia: Research Ethics Committee of Dental School University of Zagreb; Approval No. 05-PA-30-20-9/2023. United States: University of Mississippi Medical Center; Approval No. UMMC-IRB-2024-197. Spain: CEIMG; Approval No. 2023/293. Colombia: CIEIH-CES; Approval No. Ae1135/229. Kazakhstan: REC; Approval No. 2023/1634. Portugal: CEFMUC; Approval No. CE_006.2020. Singapore: SingHealth CIRB; Approval No. 2023/2407. Greece: Athens Dental Association; Approval No. 2152/29.11.2023. South Africa: Approval No. 375/2023. Turkey: N.E.Ü Faculty of Dentistry; Approval No. 2023/286. Each participating center obtained institutional ethical approval before the commencement of data collection. This study involved retrospective analysis of anonymized CBCT datasets, and no additional radiographic exposure was required beyond routine diagnostic procedures. All ethical regulations regarding patient data protection and privacy were strictly followed.

: For our multinational online survey, informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their participation. Consent was gathered electronically at the beginning of the survey, where participants were informed about the purpose of the study, their rights as participants, and the voluntary nature of their participation. By proceeding with the survey, participants explicitly indicated their consent.