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Developing a novel hybrid model based on GRU deep neural network and Whale optimization algorithm for precise forecasting of river’s streamflow

Crossref DOI link: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-03185-3

Published Online: 2025-06-03

Update policy: https://doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy

Authors

Gharehbaghi, Amin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2898-3681
Ghasemlounia, Redvan https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1796-4562
Ahmadi, Farshad https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7387-0224
Mirabbassi, Rasoul https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9897-0042
Torabi Haghighi, Ali https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5157-0156
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Text and Data Mining valid from 2025-06-03

Version of Record valid from 2025-06-03
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Article History

Received: 16 February 2025

Accepted: 19 May 2025

First Online: 3 June 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.