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Authors
Gao, Yawei
Huang, Xianghe
Jin, Zhe
Zhang, Xiaoyun
Liu, Yan
Chen, Jingru
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Research Project Plan on Medical Science in Hebei Province, China (20221452, 20221452, 20221452, 20221452, 20221452)
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Article History
Received: 3 January 2025
Accepted: 22 May 2025
First Online: 3 June 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of the Hebei Key Laboratory of Stomatology/Hebei Technology Innovation Center of Oral Health, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Hebei Medical University (Approval No. AF-SS-11). All participants provided informed consent prior to enrollment. The study procedures involved minimal risk and were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards for research involving human subjects. Participant privacy and confidentiality were maintained throughout the project.
