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Article History

Received: 2 September 2024

Accepted: 23 May 2025

First Online: 4 June 2025

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan [IRB number: 2023-2022/405/03] as well as by the Military hospital [TF3/1/professional ethics/1428] and Jordanian Ministry of Health [B/A/18631]. Before participation, patients provided consent after being informed that their involvement was voluntary and that all gathered information would be solely utilized for scientific purposes. Participants retained the right to withdraw from the study at any point without impacting their care or treatment negatively, and there was no financial benefit from them. Formal permission to use the MMSE-Arabic version was obtained from PAR (Supplementary file 1). All gathered information and completed questionnaires were stored in sealed envelopes within the researcher’s office to ensure confidentiality. The study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Institutional Review at all sites.

: Written informed consent was obtained from all participants after providing a detailed explanation of the study’s purpose, procedures, potential risks, and benefits. Participants were assured of their voluntary participation, confidentiality, and the right to withdraw at any time without consequences. Additionally, they were encouraged to ask questions to ensure full understanding before giving consent.