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Article History

Received: 18 April 2024

Accepted: 27 May 2025

First Online: 2 July 2025

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: The collaborators of this manuscript have had many discussions and have agreed upon the roles and responsibilities of the research conveyed in this manuscript. Studies 1 and 2 were developed as part of a larger university climate survey and approved by the Institutional Review Board at the University of North Florida (IRB: 1465298-1) on August 22, 2019. The studies were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations, including the Declaration of Helsinki, and participants provided informed consent to participate. In Study 3, partner institutions of the National Association of Colleges and Employers (NACE) determined whether approval by their respective Institutional Review Boards was necessary before data collection. As a non-profit national association, NACE does not have a standard IRB that would be found at typical institutions of higher education; instead, NACE must rely on each partner institution to secure IRB approvals to participate in NACE research. However, Studies 1–3 used educational tests and measures which lead many institutional IRBs to classify this study as exempt. NACE conducted Study 3 in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki; the lead researcher is currently and was CITI certified at the time of the study. Participants provided informed consent to participate and were not subjected to harms during the course of this study; moreover, data were de-identified and stored on password protected servers. The research does not stigmatize or incriminate participants, but nonetheless, we have ensured that the datasets are de-identified. Additionally, we have ensured that the data is not analyzed in a way that could bring up identifiability concerns.