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Article History

Received: 17 February 2025

Accepted: 30 May 2025

First Online: 1 July 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: Studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by the Hallym University Institutional Review Board (IRB). All participants provided written informed consent to participate in this study. For further information regarding ethical approval, please contact Hallym University IRB. All methods were performed in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations, as required by the Hallym University Institutional Review Board (IRB) and in compliance with international ethical standards.

: This study used a pre-existing dataset collected with institutional IRB approval and informed consent. The dataset was anonymized and did not contain any personally identifiable information. To reduce potential algorithmic bias, the dataset used was naturally balanced across all eight anatomical regions. Stratified K-Fold cross-validation was applied during model training to ensure equitable class distribution. No synthetic oversampling was applied. Future research will explore fairness-aware modeling and domain-specific evaluations to ensure responsible deployment of AI models in clinical settings.