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Article History

Received: 10 December 2024

Accepted: 30 May 2025

First Online: 1 July 2025

Declarations

:

: Steve Horvath and his UCLA team developed the first epigenetic clocks for human saliva, for all tissues (pan-tissue clock), for human mortality risk prediction (PhenoAge, GrimAge), and pan-mammalian clocks. The Regents of the University of California are the sole owner of patents and patent applications directed at epigenetic biomarkers for which SH is a named inventor; SH and Robert Brooke are founders and paid consultant of the non-profit Epigenetic Clock Development Foundation that licenses these patents. SH is a Principal Investigator at the Altos Labs, Cambridge Institute of Science. The remaining authors declare no interest.

: The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and the study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of the University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, the Czech Republic (project identification code: PROGRES Q40-09, Q40-10 and Q40-11; reference number: 201705 183P; date of approval: May 2, 2017) with an expanded Ethics committee approval for the project “Studie vlivu darování krevní plazmy – Plasmapheresis”. Informed written consent was obtained from all subjects. The clinical study was recorded in clincaltrials.gov under the number NCT05004220, first submitted on 30/07/2021.