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Authors
Jovanova, Mia https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3634-4449
Stanoi, Ovidia https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8373-7332
Scholz, Christin https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6567-7504
Doré, Bruce
Cosme, Danielle https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8956-4053
Kang, Yoona https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5564-5090
Cooper, Nicole https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4672-5461
Boyd, Zachary M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6549-7295
Bassett, Dani S. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6183-4493
Mucha, Peter J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0648-7230
Lydon-Staley, David M. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8702-3923
Ochsner, Kevin N. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8532-2129
Falk, Emily B. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6383-1846
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich
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Article History
Received: 6 July 2024
Accepted: 4 June 2025
First Online: 24 July 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: We sought to proactively consider choosing references that reflect the diversity of the field in thought, form of contribution, gender, race, ethnicity, and other factors. First, we obtained the predicted gender of the first and last author of each reference (excluding software package citations) by using databases that store the probability of a first name being carried by a woman (). By this measure (and excluding self-citations to the first and last authors of our current paper), our non-software references contain 28% woman(first)/woman(last), 27% man/woman, 14% woman/man, and 31% man/man. This method is limited in that names used to construct the databases may not, in every case, be indicative of gender identity and cannot account for intersex, non-binary, or transgender people.
: Mindful that our identities can influence our approach to science, the authors wish to provide the reader with information about our backgrounds. With respect to gender, when the manuscript was drafted, eight authors self-identified as women, one as non-binary, and four as men. With respect to race, 12 authors self-identified as white and one as Asian. With respect to engagement with college students, when this study was conducted, two authors were doctoral students who teach and/or mentor other students, three authors were postdoctoral researchers or research scientists who teach and/or mentor students, and eight authors were professors who teach and/or mentor students.
: All research and experimental procedures were conducted in accordance with the Human Subjects Electronic Research Application (HSERA) Institutional Review Board (IRB) at the University of Pennsylvania and acknowledged by the Human Research Protection Office of the Department of Defense. All participants provided informed consent before taking part in the study and all participants were financially compensated.
