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Article History

Received: 27 December 2024

Accepted: 4 June 2025

First Online: 2 July 2025

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: Dr. WHW Tang is a consultant for Sequana Medical A.V., Cardiol Therapeutics Inc, Genomics plc, Zehna Therapeutics Inc, and has received honorarium from Springer Nature for authorship/editorship and American Board of Internal Medicine for exam writing committee. Drs Hazen and Wang report being named as co-inventors on pending and issued patents held by the Cleveland Clinic relating to cardiovascular diagnostics and therapeutics. Drs SL Hazen and Z Wang report having received royalty payments for inventions or discoveries related to cardiovascular diagnostics or therapeutics from Cleveland Heart Lab, a fully owned subsidiary of Quest Diagnostics, and Procter & Gamble. Dr. Hazen is a paid consultant for Zehna Therapeutics, and has received research funds from Zehna Therapeutics, Proctor & Gamble, Pfizer Inc., and Roche Diagnostics. Dr Psaty reported serving on the Steering Committee of the Yale Open Data Access Project funded by Johnson & Johnson. Dr Mozaffarian reported receiving personal fees from Acasti Pharma Inc and Barilla; serving on the scientific advisory board for Beren Therapeutics, Brightseed, Calibrate, Elysium Health, Filtricine Inc, Foodome, HumanCo, Instacart, January, Inc, Perfect Day Inc, and (ended) Day Two, Discern Dx, Season Health, and Tiny Organics; and receiving chapter royalties from UpToDate outside the submitted work. No other disclosures were reported.