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Article History

Received: 3 April 2025

Accepted: 6 June 2025

First Online: 1 July 2025

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: All animal experiments were conducted in accordance with the ethical guidelines of the Committee for the Purpose of Control and Supervision of Experiments on Animals (CPCSEA), Government of India. The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Animal Ethics Committee (IAEC) of BITS Pilani – Hyderabad Campus (Approval No. BITS-HYD/IAEC/2024-002). A total of 22 male C57BL/6 black mice were used for sub-acute (4-week) and sub-chronic (13-week) whole-body inhalation toxicity studies. All procedures were designed to minimize pain and distress, and humane euthanasia was performed at the conclusion of each exposure period, in accordance with CPCSEA-recommended protocols.

: This study was conducted and reported in accordance with the ARRIVE 2.0 (Animal Research: Reporting of In Vivo Experiments) guidelines to ensure transparent and comprehensive reporting of in vivo animal research. All aspects of study design, including randomization, blinding, outcome measures, and statistical analysis, were addressed to enhance reproducibility and uphold animal welfare standards.

: During the preparation of this work the author(s) used ChatGPT, Grammarly and Quill Bot to improve the content clarity and refine the language for better reader comprehension. After using this tool/service, the author(s) reviewed and edited the content as needed and take(s) full responsibility for the content of the publication.