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Article History

Received: 1 March 2025

Accepted: 9 June 2025

First Online: 1 July 2025

Declarations

:

: This study was conducted in strict accordance with the principles of the Helsinki Declaration, utilizing non-invasive and anonymized data collection methods. Ethical approval was granted by the Institutional Review Board at Beijing Normal University, China (IRB approval number: 202408020). Prior to participation, informed consent was obtained from all individuals in the study, ensuring their voluntary engagement and the ethical use of their data for research purposes. This process reflects our commitment to maintaining high ethical standards and safeguarding participant integrity and safety throughout the research.

: The authors declare no competing interests.