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Article History

Received: 27 February 2025

Accepted: 10 June 2025

First Online: 7 July 2025

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: Ethical concerns related to federated learning include clear data ownership, informed patient consent, transparency, and fairness of the model. Since patient data ownership remains strictly with local healthcare institutions, explicit patient consent for data use in federated settings must be obtained. Transparency in data usage, model interpretability, and avoiding biases that may result from dataset imbalances are critical ethical imperatives addressed in our framework. The proposed federated learning approach significantly reduces privacy concerns, promoting greater patient trust and participation.