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Authors
Ghosh, Debjani
Halder, Prolay
Samanta, Prosenjit
Chowdhury, Goutam
Shaw, Sreeja
Bose, Puja
Roy, Deboleena
Roy, Nivedita
Kitahara, Kei
Ramamurthy, Thandavarayan
Koley, Hemanta
Miyoshi, Shin-ichi
Dutta, Shanta
Mukhopadhyay, Asish Kumar
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (JP21wm0125004, JP23wm0225021)
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Article History
Received: 5 February 2025
Accepted: 13 June 2025
First Online: 5 July 2025
Declarations
:
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The stool samples were collected from patients after obtaining informed written consent from the eligible adult patients or from parents/legal guardians of children. This work was approved by the Institutional Ethical Committee (IEC) of Indian Council of Medical Research- National Institute for Research in Bacterial Infections (ICMR-NIRBI), Kolkata, India (approval no. A-1/2015-IEC). All animal experiments were carried out in accordance with Standard operational procedure of the Committee for the Purpose of Control and Supervision of Experiments on Animals (CPCSEA), Ministry of Environment and Forest, Government of India. The protocols for animal studies were approved by Institutional Animal Ethics Committee (IAEC) of ICMR-NIRBI (Registration number: 68/ReBi//S/1999/CPCSEA valid until July 17, 2024). The euthanasia of mice was carried out following the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) guidelines for the Euthanasia of Animals (2020). The animal study was in accordance with the Animal Research: Reporting of In Vivo Experiments (ARRIVE) guidelines. All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations and are consistent with the journal policies.
