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Authors
Liang, Lijun
Chen, Peirong
Zhang, Mengwan
Guo, Zheng
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Social Science Fund of China (23BGL091)
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Article History
Received: 4 March 2025
Accepted: 20 June 2025
First Online: 2 July 2025
Declarations
:
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations, ensuring adherence to the highest standards of research ethics.
: The study was approved by the Advisory Committee of the Beijing Information Science and Technology University. Ethical approval was not required for this study as it did not involve procedures necessitating institutional review board approval. However, informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their inclusion in the study. Participants were informed of the study’s objectives, the voluntary nature of their participation, and their rights, with consent obtained prior to their involvement in the study.
