Waqar, Ahsan
Barakat, Tarek A. H.
Almujibah, Hamad R.
Alshehri, Abdullah Mohammed
Alyami, Hashem
Alajmi, Masoud
Funding for this research was provided by:
Taif University, Saudi Arabia
Article History
Received: 12 December 2024
Accepted: 24 June 2025
First Online: 2 July 2025
Declarations
:
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations issued by the ethics approval was obtained from the Ethics and Research Committee, Department of Civil Engineering, Taif University.
: Informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their participation in the study.