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Article History

Received: 26 November 2024

Accepted: 24 June 2025

First Online: 1 July 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest: JA, VD, NP, SK, SA, JX, DAS, SS, RH, AS, JS, DDH, MO, MR, GWS and DS are employees of Caris Life Sciences. GP is a member of the board of directors of CLS. JLM, GDD, and AB serve on the scientific advisory board of Caris Life Sciences. All of the above have equity and/or equity options in Caris Life Sciences. EH, EL, SVL, and WSE have unpaid consultant/advisory board relationships with Caris Life Sciences. AFS serves on the consultant/advisory board, is on the speaker’s bureau, and has received travel funding from Caris Life Sciences.All the remaining authors declare no conflict of interestSVL reports advisory role for Abbvie, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Catalyst, Daiichi Sankyo, Eisai, Elevation Oncology, Genentech/Roche, Gilead, Guardant Health, Janssen, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Merck, Merus, Mirati, Novartis, Pfizer, Regeneron, Sanofi, Takeda, and Turning Point Therapeutics; research grant (to institution) from Abbvie, Alkermes, Elevation Oncology, Ellipses, Genentech, Gilead, Merck, Merus, Nuvalent, RAPT, and Turning Point Therapeutics; and serving on a Data Safety Monitoring Board for Candel Therapeutics.YN reports advisory role from Guardant Health Pte Ltd., Natera, Inc., Roche Ltd., Seagen, Inc., Premo Partners, Inc., Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Exact Sciences Corporation, Gilead Sciences, Inc.; speakers’ bureau from Guardant Health Pte Ltd., MSD K.K., Eisai Co., Ltd., Zeria Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Miyarisan Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Merck Biopharma Co., Ltd., CareNet, Inc., Hisamitsu Pharmaceutical Co., Inc., Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Becton, Dickinson and Company, Guardant Health Japan Corp; research funding from Seagen, Inc., Genomedia Inc., Guardant Health AMEA, Inc., Guardant Health, Inc., Tempus Labs, Inc., Roche Diagnostics K.K., Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.TY research funding from Amgen K.K., Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Eisai Co., Ltd., FALCO biosystems Ltd., Genomedia Inc., Molecular Health GmbH, MSD K.K., Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co., Ltd., Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Pfizer Japan Inc., Roche Diagnostics K.K., Sanofi K.K., Sysmex Corp. and Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.; honoraria for lectures from Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., MSD K.K., Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Bayer Yakuhin, Ltd., Merck Biopharma Co., Ltd. and Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.; Consulting fees from Sumitomo Corp.GDD has received institutional support for oncology research studies to Dana-Farber Cancer Institute from Adaptimmune, Bayer, Novartis, PharmaMar, and Daiichi-Sankyo; he is also is a co-founder and consulting scientific advisory board member with minor equity holding in IDRx; a consultant/SAB member with minor equity holding in Erasca Pharmaceuticals, RELAY Therapeutics, Bessor Pharmaceuticals, CellCarta, Ikena Oncology, Kojin Therapeutics, Aadi Biosciences, Acrivon Therapeutics, Blueprint Medicines, Tessellate Bio, and Boundless Bio; he is also a scientific consultant for EMD-Serono/Merck KGaA, WCG/Arsenal Capital, and Minghui Pharmaceuticals.SVL reports advisory role for Abbvie, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Catalyst, Daiichi Sankyo, Eisai, Elevation Oncology, Genentech/Roche, Gilead, Guardant Health, Janssen, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Merck, Merus, Mirati, Novartis, Pfizer, Regeneron, Sanofi, Takeda, and Turning Point Therapeutics; research grant (to institution) from Abbvie, Alkermes, Elevation Oncology, Ellipses, Genentech, Gilead, Merck, Merus, Nuvalent, RAPT, and Turning Point Therapeutics; and serving on a Data Safety Monitoring Board for Candel Therapeutics.YN reports advisory role from Guardant Health Pte Ltd., Natera, Inc., Roche Ltd., Seagen, Inc., Premo Partners, Inc., Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Exact Sciences Corporation, Gilead Sciences, Inc.; speakers’ bureau from Guardant Health Pte Ltd., MSD K.K., Eisai Co., Ltd., Zeria Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Miyarisan Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Merck Biopharma Co., Ltd., CareNet, Inc., Hisamitsu Pharmaceutical Co., Inc., Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Becton, Dickinson and Company, Guardant Health Japan Corp; research funding from Seagen, Inc., Genomedia Inc., Guardant Health AMEA, Inc., Guardant Health, Inc., Tempus Labs, Inc., Roche Diagnostics K.K., Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.TY research funding from Amgen K.K., Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Eisai Co., Ltd., FALCO biosystems Ltd., Genomedia Inc., Molecular Health GmbH, MSD K.K., Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co., Ltd., Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Pfizer Japan Inc., Roche Diagnostics K.K., Sanofi K.K., Sysmex Corp. and Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.; honoraria for lectures from Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., MSD K.K., Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Bayer Yakuhin, Ltd., Merck Biopharma Co., Ltd. and Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.; Consulting fees from Sumitomo Corp.GDD has received institutional support for oncology research studies to Dana-Farber Cancer Institute from Adaptimmune, Bayer, Novartis, PharmaMar, and Daiichi-Sankyo; he is also is a co-founder and consulting scientific advisory board member with minor equity holding in IDRx; a consultant/SAB member with minor equity holding in Erasca Pharmaceuticals, RELAY Therapeutics, Bessor Pharmaceuticals, CellCarta, Ikena Oncology, Kojin Therapeutics, Aadi Biosciences, Acrivon Therapeutics, Blueprint Medicines, Tessellate Bio, and Boundless Bio; he is also a scientific consultant for EMD-Serono/Merck KGaA, WCG/Arsenal Capital, and Minghui Pharmaceuticals.