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Authors
Zhong, Jiatao
Du, Shiyin
Shen, Canruo
Chen, Yiting
Gao, Min
Naidu, Medha
Shi, Xiaoping
Fu, Yuejiao
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
NSERC Alliance International Catalyst Grant (ALLRP 590341-23)
Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (RGPIN-2022-03264, RGPIN 2018-05846)
University of British Columbia Okanagan (UBC-O) Vice Principal Research in collaboration with UBC-O Irving K
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Article History
Received: 26 November 2024
Accepted: 25 June 2025
First Online: 16 July 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study utilized exclusively pre-existing datasets. Three human datasets were obtained from publicly available sources and are governed by the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0), Database Contents License v1.0 (DbCL v1.0), and Creative Commons Zero v1.0 Universal (CC0 1.0) licenses, respectively. An additional copyrighted plant dataset was included in the analysis after obtaining explicit permission from the data owner(s).
: All human data used in this study were accessed in an anonymized or de-identified format. This research involved only the secondary analysis of these existing data. There was no direct interaction with human participants or animals by the researchers involved in this study, nor was there direct handling of the original plant specimens. Consequently, as the study relied on existing, publicly available or permitted, and anonymized/de-identified data, formal ethical approval from an Institutional Review Board (IRB) or Ethics Committee was not required for this specific secondary analysis. The use of all datasets adhered strictly to their respective licensing terms and the permissions granted.
