Appel, Ruth E.
Roozenbeek, Jon
Rayburn-Reeves, Rebecca
Basol, Melisa
Corbin, Jonathan
Compton, Josh
van der Linden, Sander
Funding for this research was provided by:
Horizon 2020 (964728, 964728)
British Academy (PF21/210010, PF21/210010)
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (#6NU87PS004366-03-02, #6NU87PS004366-03-02)
Cabinet Office of the United Kingdom (#SCH-00001-3391, #SCH-00001-3391)
Article History
Received: 26 September 2024
Accepted: 27 June 2025
First Online: 18 August 2025
Declarations
:
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: All experimental protocols were approved by the Stanford University Institutional Review Board (protocol number 59740), the Cambridge Psychology Research Ethics Committee (application numbers PRE.2021.010, PRE.2021.065), and the Duke University Campus Institutional Review Board (protocol number 2021–0209).
: Informed consent was obtained from all participants. Consent for publication: Participants consented to their data being used for research publications.