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Article History

Received: 7 March 2025

Accepted: 4 July 2025

First Online: 24 July 2025

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study was approved by the Biomedical Ethics Committee of Peking University (Beijing, China). All participants provided informed consent before participation. The data used in this study were obtained from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) and were used in accordance with ethical standards. The study adhered to the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki.

: After writing the paper, ChatGPT was used to correct and polish the grammar of the manuscript. Following the use of this tool, I reviewed and edited the content as necessary, and I take full responsibility for the content of the original manuscript.

: This study was conducted and reported in accordance with the TRIPOD (Transparent Reporting of a multivariable prediction model for Individual Prognosis Or Diagnosis) statement10. The development and validation of the machine learning model followed TRIPOD recommendations, including clear definitions of predictors, outcome variables, and model performance metrics.