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Developing an artificial intelligence-based progressive growing GAN for high-quality facial profile generation and evaluation through turing test and aesthetic analysis

Crossref DOI link: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-11172-x

Published Online: 2025-07-22

Update policy: https://doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy

Authors

Kavousinejad, Shahab

Dalaie, Kazem

Behnaz, Mohammad

Tahmasbi, Soodeh

Ebadifar, Asghar

Mirmohammadsadeghi, Hoori
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Text and Data Mining valid from 2025-07-22

Version of Record valid from 2025-07-22
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Article History

Received: 7 March 2025

Accepted: 8 July 2025

First Online: 22 July 2025

Declarations

:

: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

: This study utilized retrospective data from anonymized facial profile images collected from the archives of Shahid Beheshti University Dental School and a private dental clinic. Ethical approval for the use of these data was obtained from the Ethics Committee of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences (IR.SBMU.DRC.REC.1402.102). Since the data were anonymized and no direct participants were involved, individual consent was not required. All procedures were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

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