Updates are available Correction dated 2025-10-07

Article History

Received: 3 March 2025

Accepted: 8 July 2025

First Online: 20 August 2025

Change Date: 7 October 2025

Change Type: Correction

Change Details: A Correction to this paper has been published:

Change Details: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-22456-7

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: Author (s) pledge that they have familiarized themselves with publishing ethics responsibilities and that hereby they have followed them.

: Owing to high aspect ratio of Gr which leads to agglomeration in staked form. Besides, the dispersion of Gr is more difficult in a viscous medium, due to the sharp increase of the polymer viscosity with increasing the nanofiller loading percentage. Hence, Accordingly, here it was a limitation for using very low Gr concentrations don’t exceed 0.04 wt%. Thus, we recommend employing the sonication parameters carefully selected, including the subjected power output of probe sonicator to o enhance the interactions between Gr and Epoxy and improve the distribution and dispersion of Gr within the epoxy resin. Future work should investigate the long-term performance under simulated environmental conditions such as wet-dry cycles, microbial exposure, or thermal aging to better understand performance limits and potential mitigation strategies.