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Authors
Jiang, He
Zhang, Jinhong
Han, Congcong
Xu, Hongyu
Xia, Jiangling
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Article History
Received: 1 February 2025
Accepted: 10 July 2025
First Online: 17 July 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The use of the MIMIC-IV database has received ethical approval from the institutional review boards (IRBs) at the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Because the database does not contain protected health information, a waiver of the requirement for informed consent was included in the IRB approval. All the data were anonymized and obtained under the MIMIC-IV data usage agreement.
: Owing to the retrospective nature of the study, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center waived the need to obtain informed consent.
