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Article History

Received: 13 April 2025

Accepted: 14 July 2025

First Online: 25 August 2025

Declarations

:

: Kirsten Müller-Vahl has received financial or material research support from EU (FP7-HEALTH-2011 No. 278367, FP7-PEOPLE-2012-ITN No. 316978), DFG: GZ MU 1527/3-1 and GZ MU 1527/3-2, BMBF: 01KG1421, National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), Tourette Gesellschaft Deutschland e.V., Else-Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung, GW pharmaceuticals, Almirall, Abide Therapeutics, Emalex Biosciences, Inc., Noema Pharma, CannaXan, and Therapix Biosciences.She has received consultant’s and other honoraria from Abide Therapeutics, adjupharm, Alexion, AlphaSights Ltd., AMP Alternative Medical Products GmbH, Asavita GmbH, Aurora, Avextra, Becanex, Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Bionorica Ethics GmbH, CannaMedical Pharma GmbH, Canopy Grouth, Cansativa, Columbia Care, CTC Communications Corp., DHMS Direct Health Medical Services Ltd., Demecan, Enua pharma, DHMS Direct Health Medical Services Ltd., Ethypharm GmbH, Eurox Group, Global Praxis Group Limited, Hormosan Pharma GmbH, Lundbeck, Marry Jane, MCI Germany, Merck, Neuraxpharm, Noema Pharma, Sanity Group, Stadapharm GmbH, Synendos Therapeutics AG, Syqe, Takeda, Tilray, and Zambon. She is an advisory/scientific board member for Alexion, Branchenverband Cannabiswirtschaft e.V. (BvCW), CannaMedical Pharma GmbH, Bionorica Ethics GmbH, CannaXan GmbH, Canopy Growth, Columbia Care, Ethypharm GmbH, Hormosan Pharma GmbH, IMC Germany, Leafly Deutschland GmbH, Neuraxpharm, Sanity Group, Stadapharm GmbH, Synendos Therapeutics AG, Syqe Medical Ltd., Therapix Biosciences Ltd., and Tilray. She has received speaker’s fees from Agaplesion Frankfurter Diakonie Kliniken gemeinnützige GmbH, Almirall, Aphria Deutschland GmbH, Arbeitsgemeinschaft Cannabis als Medizin (ACM), Astra Zeneca, BDI Diaplan, Bedrocan, Bundesverband pharmazeutischer Cannabinoidunternehmen (BPC), Camurus, canymed GmbH, CEREBRO SPAIN BIDCO S.L, Cogitando GmbH, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Psychosomatik und Nervenheilkunde (DGPPN), Diplomado Internacional de Endocannabinología (Programa Universitario de Investigación en Salud - PUIS, UNAM), Dresden International University (DIU), Emalex, EpiCampusNord, Eurox Deutschland GmbH, Ever pharma GmbH, FOMF, Four20 Pharma, Georgia Medical Cannabis Project (GMCP), Grow Group PLC, Landesamt für Soziales, Jugend und Versorgung Mainz, Hessische Landesstelle für Suchtfragen e.V. (HLS), Laleto, Landschaftsverband Westfalen-Lippe, LIO Pharmaceuticals GmbH, Medizinischer Dienst Westfalen Lippe, Meinhardt Congress GmbH, PR Berater, RENAFAN, Salus gGmbH - Fachklinikum Bernburg, Spectrum Therapeutics GmbH, streamedup! GmbH, Swiss Alpinopharm, SynopticCon GmbH, targoEvent GmbH, Takeda GmbH, Tilray, VFnK – Verein zur Förderung neurologisch Kranker e.V., Verwaltungs-Berufsgenossenschaft (VBG), von Mende Marketing GmbH, Wayland Group, and WeCann. She has received royalties from Deutsches Ärzteblatt, Der Neurologie und Psychiater, Elsevier, Medizinisch Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft Berlin, and Kohlhammer. She served as a guest editor for Frontiers in Neurology on the research topic “The neurobiology and genetics of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome: new avenues through large-scale collaborative projects”, is an associate editor for “Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research” and an Editorial Board Member of “Medical Cannabis and Cannabinoids” und “MDPI-Reports” and a Scientific board member for “Zeitschrift für Allgemeinmedizin”. Natalia Szejko has received financial support from the Tourette Association of America, the American Brain Foundation and the American Academy of Neurology, the Polish Neurological Society, the Polish Ministry of Health. She has received royalties and speakers fees from Biogen and 90 Consulting. She is an advisory/scientific board member for Cosma S.A. She served as a Guest Editor for MDPI including Healthcare and International Journal of Molecular Sciences and BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies for Special Issue “Advances in cannabis and cannabinoid research” and Frontiers in Psychiatry. HgS has no conflicts to declare.

: All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations.Informed consent was obtained from all subjects and/or their legal guardian(s). This study was approved by the Ethical Committee of the Hannover Medical School, nr of approval no. 9010_BO_K_2020.