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Authors
Niu, Tianyue https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3410-6301
Liu, Ting https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0331-262X
Luo, Yiming Taclis https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6117-738X
Pang, Patrick Cheong-Iao https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8820-5443
Huang, Shuaishuai https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6384-5867
Xiang, Ao https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8828-4510
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Macao Science and Technology Development Fund (0032/2025/ITP1)
Macao Polytechnic University (RP/FCA-10/2022)
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Article History
Received: 23 February 2025
Accepted: 17 July 2025
First Online: 24 July 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the academic ethics committee of Fuzhou University, China (protocol code ERBA-0803373644). Before data collection, we distributed paper-based informed consent forms to all participants and obtained their signed agreements. These documents explicitly outlined the research purpose, data usage scope, and anonymization procedures. All analyses in this study will be conducted exclusively on de-identified datasets, ensuring no recoverable personal information remains in any research outputs. After the study is completed and first published publicly, the relevant original materials will be kept by the author, Prof. Tianyue Niu, for six months to facilitate potential ethical audits, after which they will be subject to certified document destruction procedures by the ethical review body’s record retention policy.
: Not applicable.
