Updates are available Correction dated 2025-09-12

Article History

Received: 28 January 2025

Accepted: 18 July 2025

First Online: 31 July 2025

Change Date: 8 October 2025

Change Type: Update

Change Details: The original online version of this Article was revised: The Funding section in the original version of this Article was incorrect. The Funding section now reads: "Data collection in Poland was made possible by funding from the IDN Being Human Lab, University of Wrocław, Poland. Marta Kowal was supported by the Foundation for Polish Science (FNP) START scholarship. Marco Antonio Correa Varella and Yago Luksevicius de Moraes were funded by the Brazilian Federal Agency for Support and Evaluation of Graduate Education at the time of data collection and Jaroslava Varella Valentova was funded by The Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (315952/2021-0). Andrew G. Thomas and Yan Wang were supported through internal departmental research funds from their institutions. Jiaqing O was supported by Departmental Research Funds from the Department of Psychology at Aberystwyth University for part of his side of the data collection. Danielle Sulikowski self-funded data collection for the Australian sample. William Costello was funded by the Student Research Development Award (SRDA) and the Best Student Manuscript Award from the International Academy of Sex Research." The original Article has been corrected.

Change Date: 12 September 2025

Change Type: Correction

Change Details: A Correction to this paper has been published:

Change Details: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-17764-x

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: All studies were approved by the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Science, Swansea University and performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. For Study 3, additional IRB approval was sought by Menelaos Apostolou (University of Nicosia Social Sciences Ethical Review Board), Danielle Sulikowski (Charles Sturt University Human Research Ethics Committee), Yan Wang (The Institutional Review Board in the School of Social Development and Public Policy), and Jiaqing O (Department of Psychology Ethics Panel at the University of Macau). In all other cases, local IRBs deemed scrutiny unnecessary as the research was approved by Swansea University and data gathered using Swansea University’s systems and procedures.