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Authors
Asghar, Muhammad Umer https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2572-3179
Zaidi, Arsalan Haseeb https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9366-1419
Tariq, Muhammad https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9181-2913
Ain, Noor Ul https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6634-3311
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Article History
Received: 2 March 2025
Accepted: 18 July 2025
First Online: 1 August 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study was approved by the Institutional Ethical Review Committee (IERC) of the Faisalabad Institute of Cardiology (FIC) (approval letter no. 17–2019/DME/FIC/FSD). As the study did not involve direct patient interaction, medical records, or human biological materials, only environmental samples from hospitals were utilized. Prior to collecting environmental samples, patients and their legal guardians were informed. We ensured compliance with all applicable regulations, including IERC approval, according to institutional and national guidelines.
: No human patients were included in this study.
: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could influence the work reported in this study.
