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Authors
Bai, Huihui
Niu, Dan
Li, Boling
Zong, Yuan
Wang, Yan
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Article History
Received: 24 February 2025
Accepted: 21 July 2025
First Online: 31 July 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki. The review boards of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center approved the use of the MIMIC-IV database. Because the data were publicly available, the study was exempt from the requirements of an ethics approval statement and informed consent.
