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Authors
Sadek, Al-Shaimaa M. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1631-8606
Farghaly, Doaa S. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5137-4550
Ghazy, Tasneme A.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Al-Azhar University
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Article History
Received: 14 February 2025
Accepted: 21 July 2025
First Online: 4 August 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study was conducted following ethical guidelines for animal research and welfare. All procedures involving animals were reviewed and approved by [Desert Research Center Ethical Committee- DREC-0357], in accordance with national and international ethical standards for animal care and use. Sample collection was performed with minimal distress to the pigeons, ensuring compliance with ethical guidelines. Permission was obtained from farm owners and relevant authorities before conducting the study. No live animals were harmed or subjected to unnecessary suffering during the research.
