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Authors
Yamaguchi, Emi
Hayama, Yoko
Kondo, Sonoko
Yamamoto, Takehisa
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (JPJ008617.23812859)
Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (JPJ008617.23812859)
Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (JPJ008617.23812859)
Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (JPJ008617.23812859)
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Article History
Received: 7 May 2025
Accepted: 21 July 2025
First Online: 23 July 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The farm-level data used in this study (including farm coordinates, flock sizes, and production types) were obtained from the Japanese national farm database under formal permission granted by the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries of Japan. The database is non-public and access is granted exclusively for research purposes under strict confidentiality agreements. Accordingly, individual farm consent was not required.
