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Authors
Van Der Hofstadt, Marc https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5987-7657
l’Helgoualch, Nicolas
Houot-Cernettig, Juliette
Galindo, Thérèse
Manso, Taciana
Martins, Priscila Graziela Alves
Huguenin, Joris
Espeut, Julien https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0182-033X
Molina, Franck https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4181-0854
Van, Thi Nhu Ngoc https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5820-1150
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
France Agrimer Institution (SOO project, SOO project, SOO project, SOO project, SOO project, SOO project, SOO project, SOO project)
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Article History
Received: 6 January 2025
Accepted: 21 July 2025
First Online: 29 July 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC), an Association of New England Medical Center and Tufts, as well as the National Institutes of Health, USA, mandated that a chick embryo that has not reached the 14th day of its gestation period would not experience pain and can therefore be used for experimentation without any ethical restrictions or prior protocol approval, simplifying the planning process.
: The European Directive 2010/63/EU transposed into French law, which explicitly excludes early embryonic stages (< 14 days for chickens) from the scope of authorization procedures. The Decree No. 2022 − 137 of February 6, 2022, which sets the legal threshold at D15 for in ovo sexing in the poultry sector, implicitly confirming the absence of legal protection before this stage.
