Document is current

Article History

Received: 17 December 2024

Accepted: 25 July 2025

First Online: 7 October 2025

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: The Institutional Ethics and Guideline Committee at the University of Sargodha (Approval No. 38-B33/2020 UOS) sanctioned all the methodologies employed in this experiment. All the experimental procedures in this study adhered meticulously to the appropriate guidance and regulatory frameworks.

: Permission was obtained from livestock owners and farm caretakers for sample collection from animals and environmental sites. This consent was documented in written form to ensure transparency and adherence to ethical guidelines. No human participants were directly involved in this study.

: The Institutional Animal Ethics Committee (IAEC) of the University of Sargodha (Approval No. 25-A18 IEC UOS) approved all protocols used in this experiment. All experimental methods were carried out in strict accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations, including NRC standards, to ensure ethical and humane treatment of animals.This study is reported in accordance with the ARRIVE guidelines (), which provide recommendations for reporting in vivo animal research to ensure reproducibility and transparency. Efforts were made to minimize animal suffering and discomfort during all procedures.