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Authors
Tomlinson, Max
El-Sayed Moustafa, Julia S.
Zhang, Xinyuan
Raza, Yasrab
Wang, Dongmeng
Hodgkinson, Alan
Small, Kerrin S.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Institute for Health and Care Research
King’s-China Scholarship Council
Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BB/R006075/1)
Medical Research Council (MR/Y013891/1, MR/L016311/1)
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Article History
Received: 2 December 2024
Accepted: 25 July 2025
First Online: 29 August 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study was carried out under TwinsUK BioBank ethics, approved by North West – Liverpool Central Research Ethics Committee (REC reference 19/NW/0187), IRAS ID 258513. This approval supersedes earlier approvals granted to TwinsUK by the St Thomas’ Hospital Research Ethics Committee, later London – Westminster Research Ethics Committee (REC reference EC04/015), which was subsumed within the TwinsUK BioBank. Participants gave informed consent to participate in this study and research conformed to the principles of the Helsinki Declaration.
