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Article History

Received: 19 October 2024

Accepted: 28 July 2025

First Online: 9 August 2025

Declarations

:

: The Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine & Pain Therapy of the University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University received support from B. Braun Melsungen, CSL Behring, Fresenius Kabi, and Vifor Pharma for the implementation of Frankfurt‘s Patient Blood Management program.KZ has received honoraria for participation in advisory board meetings for Haemonetics and Vifor and received speaker fees from CSL Behring, Masimo, Pharmacosmos, Boston Scientific, Salus, iSEP, Edwards, Hemosonics and GE Healthcare. He is the Principal Investigator of the EU-Horizon 2020 project ENVISION (Intelligent plug-and-play digital tool for real-time surveillance of COVID-19 patients and smart decision-making in Intensive Care Units) and Horizon Europe 2021 project COVend (Biomarker and AI-supported FX06 therapy to prevent progression from mild and moderate to severe stages of COVID-19). Partner for EU Horizon 2023 project EDiHTA. J.K. and B.F. are Deputy Principal Investigator of ENVISION and COVend. A.S. and P.M. reports travel support, lecture honoraria (C.S.) and research funding from CytoSorbents Europe and lecture honoraria from Getinge. All other authors have no competing interests.

: All data processing was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. According to § 21KHEntgG the reimbursement data is available for scientific use. Due to the institutional anonymization and retrospective nature of the study, no conclusions can be drawn at the individual case level. For this reason, the Ethics Committee of University Hospital Frankfurt waived the requirement for ethical approval and the need to obtain informed consent for this study (Chair: Prof. Dr. Harder, Ref: 2022–766).

: As these are anonymised register data, no consensus of the patients can be collected.