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Article History

Received: 12 April 2025

Accepted: 29 July 2025

First Online: 6 August 2025

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: Since this study did not involve human participants, clinical trials, or the collection of identifiable personal data, no formal ethical approval was required, as it was conducted using anonymized institutional data and expert opinions collected within the scope of routine medico-legal activity. According to national legislation in Italy and France, studies based exclusively on non-identifiable data derived from public institutions do not require review by an ethics committee. Data were acquired as part of Italian and French forensic judicial investigations and, also in accordance to Italian Police Mortuary Regulation (Presidential Decree 285, September 10, 1990).

: Informed consent was obtained from each individual participant. The participants have further consented to the publication of this article.