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Article History

Received: 20 November 2024

Accepted: 29 July 2025

First Online: 4 August 2025

Declarations

:

: M. S., V. R., J. W., A. G. and J.D. report no conflicts of interest. J. A. S. discloses providing consultative services on patient-reported outcomes and evidence evaluation to Alnylam, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Janssen, Bristol Meyers Squibb, Terumo, Cytokinetics, and Imbria. He holds research grants from the National Institutes of Health, the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute, the American College of Cardiology Foundation, BridgeBio, Bristol Meyers Squibb, Cytokinetics, Imbria, and Janssen. He owns the copyright to the Seattle Angina Questionnaire, Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire, and Peripheral Artery Questionnaire and serves on the Board of Directors for Blue Cross Blue Shield of Kansas City. C.M. reports research cooperation with the University of Würzburg and Tomtec Imaging Systems funded by a research grant from the Bavarian Ministry of Economic Affairs, Regional Development and Energy, German Germany (MED-1811-0011 and LSM-2104-0002); she is supported by the German Research Foundation (DFG) within the Comprehensive Research Center 1525 'Cardio-immune interfaces’ (453989101, project C5) and receives financial support from the Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research - IZKF Würzburg (advanced clinician-scientist program; AdvCSP 3). She further received advisory and speakers honoraria as well as travel grants from Tomtec, Edwards, Alnylam, Pfizer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, SOBI, AstraZeneca, NovoNordisk, Alexion, Janssen, Bayer, Intellia, and EBR Systems; she serves as principal investigator in trials sponsored by Alnylam, Bayer, NovoNordisk, Intellia and AstraZeneca. P.U.H. reports grants from the German Ministry of Research and Education, European Union, German Parkinson Society, University Hospital Würzburg, the German Heart Foundation, Federal Joint Committee within the Innovationfond (Grant 01NVF19029), German Research Foundation, Bavarian State, German Cancer Aid, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin (within Mondafis; supported by an unrestricted research grant to the Charité from Bayer), University Göttingen (within FIND-AF; supported by an unrestricted research grant to the University Göttingen from Boehringer-Ingelheim), University Hospital Heidelberg (within RASUNOA-prime; supported by an unrestricted research grant to the University Hospital Heidelberg from Bayer, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Boehringer-Ingelheim, and Daiichi Sankyo), outside the submitted work. S.S. reports grants from the Federal Joint Committee within the Innovationfond (Grant 01NVF19029) and research support by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF). He has received consultancy and lecture fees from Akcea, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Novartis, NovoNordisk, Pfizer. His department received case payments for study participation from Akcea Therapeutics, Alnylam, and IONIS.

: Informed consent was obtained from all participants of the study. The study was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and all methods were fully approved by the ethics committee of the Medical Faculty of the University Würzburg (No.: 27/21-am). The responsible data protection officer approved the data management concept.