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Authors
Kim, Bo-Hyun
Shin, Daeun
Kang, Sung Hoon
Jang, Hyemin
Yun, Jihwan
Park, YuHyun
Zetterberg, Henrik
Blennow, Kaj
Gonzalez-Ortiz, Fernando
Ashton, Nicholas J.
Kim, Sung Tae
Kim, Hee Jin
Na, Duk L.
Kim, Jun Pyo
Seo, Sang Won
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Swedish Research Council (#2023-00356, #2022-01018 and #2019-02397)
European Union’s Horizon Europe research and innovation programme (No 101053962)
Swedish State Support for Clinical Research (#ALFGBG-71320)
Alzheimer’s Drug Discovery Foundation (#201809-2016862)
AD Strategic Fund and the Alzheimer’s Association ((#ADSF-21-831376-C, #ADSF-21-831381-C, #ADSF-21-831377-C, and #ADSF-24-1284328-C)
European Partnership on Metrology, co-financed from the European Union’s Horizon Europe Research and Innovation Programme and by the Participating States (NEuroBioStand, #22HLT07)
Bluefield Project, Cure Alzheimer’s Fund, the Olav Thon Foundation, the Erling-Persson Family Foundation, Familjen Rönströms Stiftelse, Stiftelsen för Gamla Tjänarinnor, Hjärnfonden, Sweden (#FO2022-0270)
European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement (No 860197)
European Union Joint Programme – Neurodegenerative Disease Research (JPND2021-00694)
National Institute for Health and Care Research University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, the UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL (UKDRI-1003)
Korea Dementia Research Project through the Korea Dementia Research Center(KDRC), funded by the Ministry of Health & Welfare and Ministry of Science and ICT (RS-2020-KH106434)
National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF) grant funded by the Korea governmen (RS-2019-NR040057)
Institute of Information & communications Technology Planning & Evaluation (IITP) grant funded by the Korea governmen (RS-2021-II212068)
Future Medicine 20*30 Project of the Samsung Medical Center (#SMX1250081)
"Korea National Institute of Health" research project (2024-ER1003-01)
Korea Health Technology R&D Project through the Korea Health Industry Development Institute (KHIDI), funded by the Ministry of Health & Welfare (RS-2025-02223212)
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Article History
Received: 12 May 2025
Accepted: 29 July 2025
First Online: 21 August 2025
Declarations
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: The Institutional Review Board of Samsung Medical Center approved this study (No. 2021-02-135). All participants provided their informed consent to participate in the study, and all methods were in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.
: Not applicable.
: Henrik Zetterberg has served at scientific advisory boards and/or as a consultant for Abbvie, Acumen, Alector, Alzinova, ALZPath, Amylyx, Annexon, Apellis, Artery Therapeutics, AZTherapies, Cognito Therapeutics, CogRx, Denali, Eisai, Merry Life, Nervgen, Novo Nordisk, Optoceutics, Passage Bio, Pinteon Therapeutics, Prothena, Red Abbey Labs, reMYND, Roche, Samumed, Siemens Healthineers, Triplet Therapeutics, and Wave, has delivered lectures in symposia sponsored by Alzecure, Biogen, Cellectricon, Fujirebio, Lilly, Novo Nordisk, and Roche, and is a co-founder of Brain Biomarker Solutions in Gothenburg AB (BBS), which is a part of the GU Ventures Incubator Program (outside submitted work).Kaj Blennow has served as a consultant and on advisory boards for Abbvie, AC Immune, ALZPath, AriBio, BioArctic, Biogen, Eisai, Lilly, Moleac Pte. Ltd, Novartis, Ono Pharma, Prothena, Roche Diagnostics, and Siemens Healthineers; has served on data monitoring committees for Julius Clinical and Novartis; has delivered lectures, produced educational materials, and participated in educational programs for AC Immune, Biogen, Celdara Medical, Eisai and Roche Diagnostics; and is a co-founder of Brain Biomarker Solutions in Gothenburg AB (BBS), which is a part of the GU Ventures Incubator Program, outside the work presented in this paper. All other authors declare no conflict of interest.
