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Article History

Received: 27 November 2024

Accepted: 30 July 2025

First Online: 14 August 2025

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: All animal experiments were conducted in accordance with the National Institutes of Health Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. The experimental protocols were approved by the Committee of Animal Experiments of Osaka University (approval number 01-072-014). Our study was completed in compliance with the ARRIVE guidelines for the mouse experiments and the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) Guidelines for the Euthanasia of Animals. Every effort was made to minimize the number of mice and reduce their suffering. When the mice had difficulty consuming food and water, food was placed on the bedding, and agar jelly was provided as a supplement. Additionally, if any abnormalities or potential humane endpoints (such as difficulty eating/drinking, breathing issues, self-injury, or a rapid weight loss of ≥ 20% within a few days) were observed, the mice were promptly euthanized through intraperitoneal injection of pentobarbital (200 mg/kg).