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Authors
Mengistu, Abraham Keffale
Yeneakale, Kelemua Aschale
Baykemagn, Nebebe Demis
Melese, Zelalem Yitayal
Gedefaw, Andualem Enyew
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Article History
Received: 9 June 2025
Accepted: 31 July 2025
First Online: 9 August 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study received ethical approval from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Debre Markos University, College of Medicine and Health Sciences. The IRB of Debre Markos University, College of Medicine and Health Sciences waived the requirement for individual informed consent, as the study utilized anonymized and de-identified data from existing records, making it impractical to obtain permission from each individual. The research was conducted by the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and complied with all applicable national regulations and ethical guidelines. All data were treated with strict confidentiality, and no personal identifiers were used in the analysis or reporting. The entire research process adhered to appropriate ethical and regulatory standards to ensure data security and participant privacy.
: Not applicable. No identifying details, images, or personal information of participants are included in this manuscript. All data were anonymized before analysis, and no individual consent for publication was required.
