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Article History

Received: 10 December 2024

Accepted: 4 August 2025

First Online: 29 September 2025

Declarations

:

: The authors declare that no funds, grants, or other support were received during the preparation of this manuscript. The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose that are directly or indirectly related to the work submitted for publication.

: The purpose of the study was clearly explained to respondents and agricultural experts. The authors adhered to all standard ethical principles, including informed consent, voluntary participation, anonymity and confidentiality, and the protection of participants’ privacy. This study did not involve any experiments on human subjects. The research followed customary ethical procedures for social science research in West Africa: formal authorization was obtained from the Abdou Moumouni University (Niger), and local administrative authorities (municipal officers and village chiefs) were informed about the study. Prior to each interview or focus group, participants were fully informed about the study’s objectives and gave their free and informed consent. This process complies with the postgraduate research guidelines and relevant legislation of Abdou Moumouni University.

: All participants provided verbally informed consent prior to their participation in the study. The data were collected from pearl millet farmers, local administrators, and agricultural extension agents of the commune with their consent. Data collected from the height agrarian communities of the Commune V of Niamey were requested formally through the official letter written by the West African Centre for Sustainable Rural Transformation, University Abdou-Moumouni of Niamey. The author declared that this master’s thesis manuscript was original research work and acknowledged all sources of materials dearly.