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Article History

Received: 4 June 2024

Accepted: 5 August 2025

First Online: 14 August 2025

Declarations

:

: Andrea Pilotto received grant support from Airalzh Foundation AGYR2021 Life-Bio Grant, The LIMPE-DISMOV Foundation Segala Grant 2021, the Italian Ministry of University and Research PRIN COCOON (2017MYJ5TH) and PRIN 2021 RePlast, the H2020 IMI IDEA-FAST (ID853981), Italian Ministry of Health, Grant/Award Number: RF-2018-12366209 and PNRR-Health PNRR-MAD-2022-12376110.Walter Maetzler receives or received funding from the European Union, the German Federal Ministry of Education of Research, German Research Council, Michael J. Fox Foundation, Neuroalliance, Lundbeck, Sivantos and Janssen. He received speaker honoraria from Abbvie, Bayer, BIAL, GlaxoSmithKline, Heel, Licher MT, Rölke Pharma, Takeda and UCB, was invited to Advisory Boards/Consultancies of Abbvie, Aptar Digital Health, Atheneum, Biogen, Kyowa Kirin, Lundbeck and Pfizer, is an advisory board member of the Critical Path for Parkinson’s Consortium and the MDS e-Diary Working Group, and an editorial board member of Geriatric Care. He is a member of the MDS Technology Working Group.Alessandro Padovani received grant support from Ministry of Health (MINSAL) and Ministry of Education, Research and University (MIUR), IMI H2020 initiative (IMI2-2018-15-06).Massimiliano Filosto received grant support from Telethon Italy Foundation and Italian Ministry of University and Research PRIN PNRR 2022.The other authors declare no competing interests.

: The Ethics Committee approved the Brescia Hospital’s research protocol (NP 3710). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants.