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Authors
Rahim, Noor Fatiha Abdul
Alawi, Rabihah
Ariffin, Azirrawani
Rahman, Normastura Abd
Muttlib, Nor Aidaniza Abdul
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Research University Grant, Universiti Sains Malaysia (1001/PPSG/8012367, 1001/PPSG/8012367, 1001/PPSG/8012367)
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Article History
Received: 15 June 2025
Accepted: 7 August 2025
First Online: 14 August 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The study was initiated after getting ethical approval from the Human Research Ethics Committee of Universiti Sains Malaysia (HREC-USM) (USM/JEPeM/20030157). The study was carried out following the Declaration of Helsinki, along with all participants giving written informed consent before participating in the study.
: Prior written informed consent was obtained for the collection of teeth used in this study.
