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Authors
Jalbani, Nusrat Begum
Solangi, Shakeel Haider
Bhutto, Shahid
Min, Ho Soon
Khan, Humaira
Nawaz, Hafiz Rub
Bhatti, Maira
Imad, Saima
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Article History
Received: 6 December 2024
Accepted: 13 August 2025
First Online: 1 October 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Cigarette and smokeless tobacco products samples were collected from various retail shops in Karachi after informing shopkeepers about the study’s objectives and obtaining their consent. Human blood samples were also collected to assess toxic metal levels. All procedures involving human participants were conducted in accordance with ethical standards and approved by the Institutional Review Committee of PCSIR (Approval No. PCSIR/IRC/2023/027). Informed consent was obtained from all participants, ensuring their rights and confidentiality were protected throughout the study.
: It has been taken informed consent from volunteers for this study.
