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Authors
Al-Hanawi, Mohammed Khaled https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8419-2219
Keetile, Mpho
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Deanship of Scientific Research, King Abdulaziz University (GPIP: 1518-120-2024, GPIP: 1518-120-2024)
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Article History
Received: 27 May 2025
Accepted: 14 August 2025
First Online: 22 August 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study was based on the use of secondary data from the NHS, which was conducted, commissioned, funded, and managed in 2021 by GaStat that was in charge of all ethical procedures. All procedures performed in this study involving human participants complied with institutional and/or national research committee ethical standards, and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and subsequent amendments or equivalent ethical standards. Informed consent was obtained by GaStat at the time of the survey. All personal identifiers were removed from the dataset by GaStat to allow for secondary data use. GaStat granted permission to use the data and thus no further clearance was necessary as this was performed at the data collection phase.
: Not applicable.
