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Authors
Effah, Kofi
Tekpor, Ethel
Ohene-Bredu, Yaw
Ibrahim, Sadat
Engmann, Stephen Tetteh
Danyo, Stephen
Kemawor, Seyram
Dugbazah, Annita Edinam
Afudego, Famous
Kitcher, Yohane Teye
Klutsey, Gifty Belinda
Atuguba, Bernard Hayford
Essel, Nana Owusu Mensah
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Article History
Received: 22 February 2025
Accepted: 14 August 2025
First Online: 28 August 2025
Declarations
:
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This research is a retrospective analysis of data collected during routine clinical screening. The study protocol for this retrospective analysis, including the plan to publish the findings, was reviewed and approved by the Ethical Review Committee of the Catholic Hospital, Battor (approval no. CHB-ERC 002/01/24). The study was performed in accordance with the ethical standards of the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments. Verbal informed consent was obtained from all women for the collection of their data and samples during their clinical screening. The need for formal written informed consent was waived by the Ethics Review Committee of Catholic Hospital, Battor, due to the retrospective nature of the study. Participant confidentiality and data security were maintained throughout the study by anonymizing all information and storing it on a password-protected computer.
