Li, Ruiyang
Yang, Xueying
Chen, Qichen
Huang, Boyang
Zhao, Siyu
Zhang, Peng
Lin, Jie
Zhao, Jinbao
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Key Research and Development Program of China (2021YFB2400300, 2021YFB2400300, 2021YFB2400300, 2021YFB2400300, 2021YFB2400300, 2021YFB2400300)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (21875198, 21875198, 21875198, 21875198, 21875198, 21875198)
Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (20720190040, 20720190040, 20720190040, 20720190040, 20720190040, 20720190040)
STFC Batteries Network (ST/R006873/1, ST/R006873/1)
Royal Society International Exchanges Program (IEC\NSFC\233361)
Northern Ireland Department for the Economy Net-Zero Impact Accelerator (R3766MEE)
Article History
Received: 26 May 2025
Accepted: 18 August 2025
First Online: 2 October 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.