Liu, Yanli
Wang, Yuting
Zhang, Heng
Li, Qi
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 61963017, No. 61963017, No. 61963017, No. 61963017)
Scientific Research Fund of Hunan Provincial Education Department (No. 22B0511, No. 22B0511, No. 22B0511, No. 22B0511)
Shanghai Educational Science Research Project, China (No. C2022056, No. C2022056, No. C2022056, No. C2022056)
Shanghai Science and Technology Program, China (No. 23010501000, No. 23010501000, No. 23010501000, No. 23010501000)
Humanities and Social Sciences of Ministry of Education Planning Fund, China (No. 22YJAZHA145, No. 22YJAZHA145, No. 22YJAZHA145, No. 22YJAZHA145)
Article History
Received: 27 January 2025
Accepted: 19 August 2025
First Online: 29 August 2025
Declarations
:
: The authors declare no competing interests. The TUM dataset is owned and maintained by the Technical University of Munich. It was collected and released by their research team with informed consent from participants to publish the identifiable images in an open access journal under a CC BY licence, allowing their use for research and academic publishing. All data in the TUM RGB-D benchmark is licensed under a Creative Commons 4.0 Attribution License (CC BY 4.0). The authors are not the dataset creators and have used only publicly available images in compliance with the dataset’s terms and relevant legal and ethical standards. The dataset source has been properly cited in the manuscript.