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Authors
Li, Yan
Zhao, Ying
Wu, Yang
Luo, Gang
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Liaoning Provincial Natural Science Foundation (2024-BS-300)
Supported by LiaoNing Revitalization Talents Program (XLYC2412090)
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Article History
Received: 20 December 2024
Accepted: 19 August 2025
First Online: 21 August 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Liaoning Maternal and Child Health Hospital (No.20220318001).
: In this project, data on pregnancy, childbirth, and child growth and development from the Liaoning Maternal and Child Health Service Information System will be used for research. Although this study utilized identifiable human body materials or data for research, it is no longer possible to locate the subject. Therefore, it is impossible or impractical to exempt the subject from informed consent in this study. Therefore, we apply for exemption from informed consent. All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations.
