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Authors
Ammarullah, Muhammad Imam https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8845-7202
Yusuf, Abdulfatah Abdu https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8054-9022
Kozin, Muhammad https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5568-3126
Maula, Mohamad Izzur https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4700-9809
Lamura, M. Danny Pratama https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9809-9093
Wicaksono, Hasyid Ahmad https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9799-9133
Bayuseno, Athanasius Priharyoto https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0882-4480
Jamari, Jamari https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6172-2635
Ramlee, Muhammad Hanif https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2705-8379
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Universitas Diponegoro (222-765/UN7.D2/PP/IV/2025, 222-765/UN7.D2/PP/IV/2025)
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Article History
Received: 22 December 2024
Accepted: 19 August 2025
First Online: 26 September 2025
Declarations
:
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study did not involve human participants or animals, and no ethical approval was required. All research procedures adhered to relevant ethical guidelines and best practices for non-human and non-animal research.
: Not applicable.
: The authors consent for the publication of this manuscript.
: The authors declare the use of generative artificial intelligence (AI) and AI-assisted technologies in the preparation of this manuscript. Specifically, ChatGPT (version GPT-4, OpenAI) was used to improve the readability and language of the article. The AI tool was not used for data analysis, interpretation of results, or drawing scientific conclusions. All content has been reviewed and verified by the authors to ensure accuracy and integrity.
: The authors affirm that this manuscript is an honest, accurate, and transparent account of the study being reported; that no important aspects of the study have been omitted; and that any discrepancies from the study as planned (and, if relevant, registered) have been explained.
