Zhou, Yi
Neale, Michael C.
Article History
Received: 30 March 2024
Accepted: 19 August 2025
First Online: 25 September 2025
Declarations
:
: The author(s) declare no financial or non-financial competing interests.
: All experimental protocols were approved by the Internal Review Board at Virginia Commonwealth University (IRB HM20025460). This study qualified for exemption according to 45 CFR 46 under exempt category 4: secondary research for which consent is not required when information is recorded in such a manner that the identity of the subjects cannot readily be ascertained, the investigator does not contact the subjects, and will not re-identify subjects. As data from the ABCD study are held in the NIMH Data Archive, all methods were carried out in accordance to the NIMH Data Archive Data Use Certification Agreement. Informed consent for participants in the ABCD study were obtained from parents for their own participation as well as for their minor child and the minor also provided his or her assent. Details of the informed consent procedures for the ABCD study has been documented elsewhere47.