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Authors
Chen, Aizhen
Wang, Shaosong
Mehta, Ahmad Muneeb
Asif, Muhammad
Xu, Shuo
Shahzad, Muhammad Farrukh
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (72074014)
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Article History
Received: 23 May 2025
Accepted: 20 August 2025
First Online: 24 August 2025
Declarations
:
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The methods used in this study adhered to all relevant guidelines and regulations. Participants were fully informed about the purpose of the study, and their personal data remains confidential. All participants gave their written consent before participating. Data collected in this study were used only with their permission, and the questionnaire began with a clear statement of the study’s purpose and goals. The study protocol was approved by the Ethical Review Board at Beijing University of Technology.
